Seafood CRC: Review of the 2012 paralytic shellfish toxin non-compliance incident in Tasmania
In October 2012 a shipment of mussels derived from the east coast of Tasmania was rejected by Japanese import authorities due to the presence of unacceptable levels of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). Mussel samples were collected and tested from the implicated consignment and harvest area and it became apparent that the mussels had bioaccumulated PSTs through feeding on a bloom of the dinoflagellate algae Alexandrium tamarense group IV.
Following the initial discovery, additional seawater and bivalve samples revealed the presence of A. tamarense cells and PSTs in bivalves at several sites between Eddystone Point and Marion Bay. By early November 2012 it was revealed that scallops and rocklobsters were also impacted by PSTs and concerns were raised that other fishery products, such as sea urchins, abalone and periwinkles may also be implicated.
The presence of the PSTs at high levels in mussels represented a major breakdown in the TSQAP management plan for biotoxins in the shellfish industry. It has also raised concerns from fisheries and health personnel regarding the potential need for marine biotoxin management plans for other fisheries products, such as rocklobsters. The full impact of the algal bloom is not known at this time, however some estimates suggest cost to the bivalve sector (including multiplier effect) of $7 million (mussels = $2million; oysters = $2 million; scallops = $3million) and to the rocklobster industry of around $4-5 million (80 – 100 tonnes behind at time of writing).
Given the loss of revenue, costs of rehabilitation and damage to the industry’s reputation as a safe producer of seafood, a review is required to determine the key factors that led to the non-compliance event, and critically, to learn from this event so as to assist in the development of strategies to reduce the probability of future events occurring and impact.
Final report
During October 2012, a shipment of blue mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) derived from the east coast of Tasmania was tested by the Japanese import authorities (Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare; MHLW) and found to be contaminated with unacceptable levels (0.8mg/kg) of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST). Through investigation by regulators and industry it was confirmed that mussels had bioaccumulated PST through feeding on a bloom of the dinoflagellate alga Alexandrium tamarense.
After the presence of PST in mussels was identified, additional seawater and bivalve sampling of sites spanning most of the east coast of Tasmania confirmed the presence of A. tamarense cells and PST in shellfish (oysters and mussels) at several sites between Eddystone Point and Marion Bay (Appendix 3). During early November 2012, it was confirmed that scallops, clams and rock lobsters also had bioaccumulated significant levels of PST. Other fishery products (including abalone, periwinkles, sea urchins, banded morwong, calamari, flathead and giant crabs) were tested and found to comply (i.e. below) with the maximum limit for PST.
This project was initiated in response to a request from key industry and government stakeholders for an external review of the non-compliance event. To facilitate the scoping of the Review, SafeFish undertook a series of stakeholder consultations in November 2012 to discuss the terms of reference (ToR) with the following industry and regulatory agency stakeholders.
Harvesting and value adding wild pacific oysters for Australian and export markets
Impacts of COVID19 on the Australian Seafood Industry: Extending the assessment to prepare for uncertain futures
In March 2021 the FRDC published an initial rapid assessment - Impacts of COVID19 on the Australian Seafood Industry: January-June 2020 - of the direct and indirect effects of disruption to seafood production, supply chains and markets caused by the global COVID19 pandemic. That assessment covered the initial period of the shocks wrought by COVID19 and demonstrated the availability of data to support rapid assessment in such conditions.
However gaps remain to be addressed, including:
1. comprehensive coverage of production effects in fishing and aquaculture across all Australian jurisdictions,
2. coverage of impacts on recreational fishing activity and Indigenous commercial seafood activities;
3. assessment of emerging medium-term impacts (such as changes in Australian consumer purchasing behaviours, structural effects in labour markets and export-oriented sectors, effects of alterations in tourism patterns); and the interactions with non-CV-19 impacts (such as trade tensions affecting exports); and
4. the effectiveness of crisis responses.
Furthermore, the capacity to access data to support rapid assessment in times of systemic shock needs to be consolidated. Finally, insights from rapid assessments need to be harvested to provide Australia with a framework for assessment of systemic (i.e. large-scale, multi-level) risk to the Australian seafood community.
This project addresses these needs through a follow-up Impact assessment report which is more comprehensive, given data availability. The follow up report will include case studies of crisis responses by key government and industry decision makers, and the lessons learned for preparedness for future shocks. It will develop a Guideline for rapid assessment of economic and social effects in fisheries and aquaculture, which will contribute to FRDC's capacity for rapid appraisal and assessments. The guideline will include quality assurance steps to be applied to rapid assessments. Finally, the project proposes to draw insights from this more comprehensive assessment to identify what risk factors to assess, and how, in order to prepare for systemic shocks in future.
Assisting commercial and recreational organisations adapt to national maritime safety standards
The Marine Safety (Domestic Commercial Vessel) National Law Act 2012 defines general safety obligations on both the Owner and Master. The Owner has a general safety obligation to implement and maintain a safety management system that ensures that the vessel and the operations of the vessel are, so far as reasonably practicable, safe. The Master also has a general safety obligation aboard the vessel to, so far as reasonably practicable, implement and comply with the safety management system for the vessel and the operations of the vessel. http://www.amsa.gov.au/domestic/vessels-operations-surveys/certificates-of-operation/
The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) is rolling out a program of risk management and SMS workshops to help industry meet the National Standard for Commercial Vessels, Part E Operations. A number of other organisation are also delivering SMS training to meet Part E.
FRDC recognises that some industry sectors face particular challenges in accessing these programs, possibly due to location, timing, English language proficiency, or sector specific operations. These specific needs may be beyond the scope of these other programs. This funding will complement those programs by addressing these challenges.
The Australian Government’s Policy for a More Competitive and Sustainable Fisheries Sector (2013) included a commitment to assist commercial and recreational organisations adapt to National Maritime Safety Standards. Funding is provided by the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation on behalf of the Australian Government to deliver on this commitment.
Final report
SCRC: SCRC Honours Scholarship H4.3 The effects of feeding alternative protein sources on the intestinal mucus layer and mucosal architecture in Yellowtail Kingfish (Rebecca Forder; Student Matthew Bransemer.)
Final report
Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi) have been farmed for over a decade in sea cages in the waters of Spencer Gulf, South Australia. Substantial fluctuations of the water temperature in Spencer Gulf occur, reaching 24ºC in summer and dropping below 12ºC in winter. Inclusions of soybean meal in feeds for Yellowtail kingfish are becoming common. High dietary inclusions of soybean meal coupled with low water temperatures are thought to contribute to the development of sub-acute enteritis in the hindgut of Yellowtail kingfish. Prior to this study, the role the mucus layer plays in protecting the underlying mucosa had not been investigated in fish.
In this study, fish were fed increasing dietary inclusion levels of solvent extracted soybean meal (SE SBM), to apparent satiation twice daily, at water temperatures of 18ºC and 22ºC for 34 days. At the conclusion of the study, the intestinal tract was removed, with no fish exhibiting visual features of hindgut inflammation. Samples were collected for histological evaluation, revealing a significant reduction in mucus layer thickness in the hindgut of fish fed increasing dietary inclusion levels of SE SBM. Water temperature had a significant effect on mucin composition. A more profound increase in neutral mucins in the hindgut was observed at 18ºC, while a more profound increase of acidic mucins was evident at 22ºC. Fish fed 20% and 30% dietary inclusions of SE SBM at 18ºC had a significant increase in goblet cell number. Although sub-acute enteritis was not induced in this study, it is evident that the intestinal barrier was compromised. Based on observations from this study, SE SBM inclusion levels in the diet for Yellowtail kingfish of this size range should be restricted to 10% at 18°C and 20% at 22°C. Further studies are required to assess alteration to intestinal morphology and the development of sub-acute enteritis in Yellowtail kingfish reared in colder waters indicative of those experienced during winter months.